De humanistische psychologie werd begin jaren zestig van de vorige eeuw gepresenteerd als de ‘derde weg’ of ‘derde kracht’.
Humanistische psychologie was een reactie op de psychoanalyse en het behaviorisme. Humanistische psychologie ontstond vrijwel gelijktijdig met de cognitieve psychologie.
Humanistische psychologie kent een zevental uitgangspunten welke onderstaand zijn weergegeven.
1. In de humanistische psychologie staat, net als in de psychoanalyse, subjectiviteit centraal. De eigen ervaringen van een persoon, zijn individuele belevingen en gedachten vormen het uitgangspunt bij het begrijpen en doorgronden van gedrag. Dit verschilt evident van het behaviorisme, waarin eigen ervaringen niet bestudeerd worden. De humanistische psychologie stelt het centralisme voorop. Belevingen en gedrag worden door de persoon zelf veroorzaakt en niet door iets ‘buiten’ de persoon zoals stimuli en beloningen.
2. Door het benadrukken van subjectiviteit wordt ook bewustzijn centraal gesteld. Iemand is goed in staat om over zichzelf en zijn gedrag na te denken, te reflecteren. Indien iemand wil weten wat iemand motiveert, dan is een ‘blik van binnenuit’ immers noodzakelijk.
Psychoanalyse en behaviorisme worden door de humanistische psychologie beschouwd als stromingen die te sturend of interpreterend zijn en geen ruimte bieden aan de eigen inzichten en visies van een persoon.
3. In de humanistische psychologie wordt de ontwikkeling van een persoon sterk benadrukt. Deze beperkt zich niet tot de kinderjaren, maar is levenslang. Met spreekt van proces en groei en zet zich af tegen een statische opvatting van de mens. De mens is geen (eind)product van aanleg,opvoeding of sociale omstandigheden, maar doorlopend in ontwikkeling en op zoek naar het goede. De behoefte om te ontwikkelen, te groeien en goed te doen zou bij elk mens aanwezig zijn.
4. Belangrijk voor hulpverlening en opvoeding is het uitgangspunt dat mensen zelf verantwoordelijk zijn voor hun leven. Mensen zijn in staat om er het beste van te maken en weten bij problemen waar de schoen wringt en in welke richting de oplossing gezocht moet worden.
De humanistische psychologie heeft een groot vertrouwen in de veerkracht en goedheid van de mens. Mensen hebben het vermogen om te groeien en te optimaliseren. Ofwel,zichzelf te realiseren, te actualiseren.
Voor de hulpverlening betekent dit dat de hulpverlening niet op de voorgrond geplaatst dient te worden of vooraf van theoretische verklaringen moet uitgaan. Het moet vooral luisteren naar het verhaal van de cliënt.Heel bewust wordt in de humanistische psychologie gebroken met het begrip patiënt, omdat dit het afwijkende, het zieke benadrukt. Het begrip cliënt benadrukt eigen verantwoordelijkheid.
5. In de humanistische psychologie worden de eigen ervaringen en belevingen in het ‘hier en nu’ geplaatst. De historische bepaaldheid van een individu, zoals de invloed uit de kinderjaren, krijgt beperkt aandacht. Dit een evident verschil met de psychoanalyse.
6. De mens wordt als totaliteit, als één geheelopgevat. Elke reductie tot één of meer aspecten wordt verworpen. Dit uitgangspunt is zowel een breuk met de psychoanalyse, die een inperking maakt naar het onbewuste, als met het behaviorisme, die een inperking maakt naar leerprincipes. Met het benadrukken van de mens als totaliteit, als een holistisch geheel, kent de humanistische psychologie een duidelijk verwantschap met het denken uit de algemene systeemtheorie.
7. Het doel van de humanistische psychologie is niet het voorspellen en controleren van gedrag, maar de persoon te bevrijden van eventuele belemmeringen die veroorzaakt kunnen worden door maatschappelijke of psychische problemen. Als de belemmeringen zijn opgeheven, kan iemand zijn groei vervolgen.
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